The World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, is dedicated to promoting health, ensuring global safety, and supporting vulnerable populations. For years, it has played a crucial role in monitoring global health trends and statistics, while also spearheading initiatives to expand universal health coverage.
According to a WHO report, in 2021, the top 10 causes of death accounted for 39 million fatalities, representing 57% of the total 68 million deaths globally. On a global scale, noncommunicable diseases made up 7 of the 10 leading causes of death, contributing to 38% of all deaths and 68% of the top 10 causes. Let's explore these in more detail.
# Ischaemic Heart DiseaseIschaemic Heart Disease was the leading cause of death in 2021, responsible for about 13% of global fatalities, according to WHO. Also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), this condition is a major cause of death worldwide. It occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced due to blockages or narrowing in the coronary arteries, often caused by a buildup of fatty deposits known as plaques. This reduced blood flow can result in symptoms such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and, in severe cases, heart attacks.
# COVID-19The COVID-19 pandemic led to 8.8 million deaths in 2021 alone. However, this data does not include deaths from 2022 and 2023, during which the number of fatalities increased. COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged in late 2019 and quickly escalated into a global pandemic. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs, sneezes, or talking, and can also be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and typically appear 2-14 days after exposure.
# Brain StrokeBrain strokes accounted for approximately 10% of global deaths in 2021, according to WHO. A brain stroke, commonly referred to as a stroke, is a medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This can cause brain cells to die within minutes, leading to significant neurological damage. Strokes are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, making awareness of their causes, symptoms, and treatments crucial for prevention and timely intervention.
# Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)In 2021, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) was responsible for about 5% of global deaths, according to WHO. COPD is a progressive lung disease that makes breathing difficult by obstructing airflow. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both of which contribute to airway narrowing and reduced lung function. COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and significantly impacts the quality of life of those affected. Early diagnosis and proper management are essential for improving outcomes and slowing the disease's progression.
# Lower Respiratory InfectionsApart from COVID-19, lower respiratory infections were among the fastest-spreading communicable diseases, causing 2.5 million deaths in 2021. However, WHO notes that this number is lower than in 2000. Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) affect the airways and lungs, including conditions like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. These infections are a significant cause of illness and death worldwide, especially among young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is key to effective management and prevention.
# Trachea, Bronchus, and Lung CancersAccording to WHO, deaths from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers increased in 2021 compared to 2000, with 1.9 million deaths globally. These cancers, collectively referred to as lung cancer, are among the most common and lethal cancers worldwide. They originate in the respiratory system, affecting the trachea (windpipe), bronchi (large airways branching into the lungs), and lung tissues. While smoking is the leading cause, non-smokers can also develop these cancers due to other risk factors. Early detection and treatment are vital for improving survival rates.
# Alzheimer's Disease and Other DementiasIn 2021, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were responsible for 1.8 million deaths, according to WHO. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, a group of neurodegenerative disorders that lead to a progressive decline in memory, thinking, behavior, and daily functioning. Dementias are not a normal part of aging, though the risk increases with age. These conditions pose a significant global health challenge as they lead to a decline in cognitive abilities and independence.
# Diabetes MellitusDiabetes mellitus has seen a dramatic rise in deaths since 2000, with WHO reporting a 95% increase. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, resulting from either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to effectively use insulin. This condition is a major global health concern, affecting millions of people and leading to serious complications if not properly managed.
# Kidney DiseasesBetween 2000 and 2021, deaths from kidney diseases increased by 95%, according to WHO. Kidney diseases include a range of conditions that impair the kidneys' ability to function correctly. The kidneys are crucial for filtering waste, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood, which are then excreted in urine. When kidney function is compromised, harmful substances can accumulate in the body, leading to severe health issues.
# Tuberculosis (TB)Finally, tuberculosis (TB) was identified as the 10th leading cause of death globally. TB is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain. TB is a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing countries, but it is preventable and treatable with appropriate medical care.